Eyeworld

EW NEWS & OPINION 20 June 2015 wavelengths can be isolated using colored LEDs (in an autorefractor or eye chart) or using color filters that allow specific wavelengths to pass. I opted for the latter approach by us- ing commercially available red and blue filters. Violet light filters are not available, so the widest spread that I could measure is red to blue, or 700 to 450 nm. Fortunately, this ap- pears to be sufficient to demonstrate differences in IOLs with different Abbe numbers. To perform a chromatic refrac- tion, I first do a white light refrac- tion to correct for any refractive error. I then change the chart to a larger optotype (e.g., the 20/50 line), cover it with the red filter, and readjust the sphere. I do the same with the blue filter and record all 3 numbers. The difference between red and blue refractions is the chro- matic refractive difference. Note that because some wavelengths are being blocked by the color filters, the eye chart is dimmer overall. There is no need for clinicians to perform chromatic refractions routinely. However, it does provide a simple method by which to charac- terize another dimension of the eye's optical system that may help to ex- plain clinical symptomatology. For example, a multifocal IOL patient with waxy or poor quality vision de- spite an emmetropic refraction may have symptoms related to chromatic aberration. A chromatic refraction provides a way to investigate and to measure the impact of CA on optical quality. Making informed IOL decisions An IOL can improve or worsen the eye's baseline CA, depending on the dispersion of the material from which it is made. An IOL's dispersion is intrinsic to the lens material itself and is not corrected by coatings or chromophores. It is therefore important to use materials with low dispersion and high Abbe number (greater than 50) to prevent worsening the eye's CA after cataract surgery. With respect to visual quality, minimizing CA is synergistic with correcting spherical aberration. By reducing both chromatic and spherical aberration, patients can be more tolerant of quality-of-vision losses from ocular surface problems, residual lower-order aberrations, and even multifocality. Further improvement in CA using diffractive methods could allow IOLs to extend the range of vision without lowering the quality of vision below that of a traditional monofocal lens. We have much to learn about the effects of chromatic aberration on the eye. It is certainly a subject worth exploring in our continued quest to improve the quality of vi- sion after cataract surgery. EW Editors' note: Dr. Chang is in private practice at Empire Eye and Laser Center in Bakersfield, Calif. He has no finan- cial interests related to this article. Contact information Chang: dchang@empireeyeandlaser.com would not be much difference in the refractions. To show the full dispersive property of the eye, the chromatic difference of refraction between red and violet would be needed, but due to the difficulty of isolating violet light, I use red and blue, as described below. Specific monochromatic wavelengths of light can be diffi- cult to produce. A narrow band of BRIEF SUMMARY OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION INDICATIONS AND USAGE Ocular Surgery DUREZOL ® a topical corticosteroid, is indicated for the treatment surgery. Endogenous Anterior Uveitis DUREZOL ® Emulsion is also indicated for the treatment of endogenous anterior uveitis. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Ocular Surgery eye 4 times daily beginning 24 hours after surgery postoperative period, followed by 2 times daily for a week and then a taper based on the response. Endogenous Anterior Uveitis eye 4 times daily for 14 days followed by tapering as clinically indicated. DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS DUREZOL ® a sterile preserved emulsion for topical ophthalmic administration. CONTRAINDICATIONS The use of DUREZOL ® Emulsion, as with other ophthalmic corticosteroids, is contraindicated in most active viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, and varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal disease of ocular structures. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS IOP Increase Prolonged use of corticosteroids may result in glaucoma with damage to the optic nerve, defects be used with caution in the presence of glaucoma. If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored. Cataracts Use of corticosteroids may result in posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Delayed Healing The use of steroids after cataract surgery may delay healing and increase the incidence of bleb formation. In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical steroids. The initial prescription and renewal of the medication order beyond 28 days should be made by a physician only after examination slit lamp biomicroscopy and, where appropriate, Bacterial Infections Prolonged use of corticosteroids may suppress the host response and thus increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections. In acute purulent conditions, steroids may mask infection or enhance existing infection. If signs and symptoms fail to improve after 2 days, the patient should be re- evaluated. Viral Infections Employment of a corticosteroid medication in the treatment of patients with a history of herpes simplex requires great caution. Use of ocular steroids may prolong the course and may exacerbate the severity of many viral infections of the eye (including herpes simplex). Fungal Infections Fungal infections of the cornea are particularly prone to develop coincidentally with long-term local steroid application. Fungus invasion must be considered in any persistent corneal ulceration where a steroid has been used or is in use. Fungal culture should be taken when appropriate. Topical Ophthalmic Use Only DUREZOL ® Emulsion is not indicated for intraocular administration. Contact Lens Wear DUREZOL ® Emulsion should not be instilled while wearing contact lenses. Remove contact lenses prior to instillation of DUREZOL ® Emulsion. The preservative in DUREZOL ® Emulsion may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration of DUREZOL ® Emulsion. ADVERSE REACTIONS Adverse reactions associated with ophthalmic steroids include elevated intraocular pressure, which may be associated with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, and perforation of the globe where there is thinning of the cornea or sclera. Ocular Surgery Ocular adverse reactions occurring in 5-15% of subjects in clinical studies with DUREZOL ® Emulsion included corneal edema, ciliary and conjunctival hyperemia, eye pain, photophobia, posterior capsule ocular adverse reactions occurring in 1-5% of subjects included reduced visual acuity, punctate keratitis, occurring in < 1% of subjects included application site discomfort or irritation, corneal pigmentation and striae, episcleritis, eye pruritus, eyelid irritation and crusting, foreign body sensation, increased lacrimation, macular edema, sclera hyperemia, and uveitis. Most of these reactions may have been the consequence of the surgical procedure. Endogenous Anterior Uveitis A total of 200 subjects participated in the clinical trials for endogenous anterior uveitis, of which 106 were exposed to DUREZOL ® Emulsion. The most common adverse reactions of those exposed to DUREZOL ® Emulsion occurring in 5-10% of subjects included blurred vision, eye irritation, eye pain, headache, increased IOP, iritis, limbal and conjunctival hyperemia, punctate keratitis, and uveitis. Adverse reactions occurring in 2-5% of subjects included anterior photophobia, and reduced visual acuity. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy Teratogenic E shown to be embryotoxic (decrease in embryonic and teratogenic (cleft palate and skeletal) anomalies when administered subcutaneously to rabbits during organogenesis at a dose of 1–10 mcg/kg/day. The to be a teratogenic dose that was concurrently found in the toxic dose range for fetuses and pregnant females. Treatment of rats with 10 mcg/kg/day subcutaneously during organogenesis did not result in any reproductive toxicity, nor was it maternally toxic. At 100 mcg/kg/day after subcutaneous administration in rats, there was a decrease in fetal weights and human doses of DUREZOL ® Emulsion, since DUREZOL ® Emulsion is administered topically with minimal were not measured in the reproductive animal studies. pregnancy has not been evaluated and cannot rule out the possibility of harm, DUREZOL ® Emulsion should Nursing Mothers It is not known whether topical ophthalmic administration of corticosteroids could result in quantities in breast milk. Systemically administered corticosteroids appear in human milk and could suppress growth, interfere with endogenous corticosteroid production, or cause other untoward ® Emulsion is administered to a nursing woman. Pediatric Use Geriatric Use been observed between elderly and younger patients. NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility in vitro in the Ames test, and in cultured mammalian cells CHL/IU (a female Chinese hamsters). An in vivo micronucleus Treatment of male and female rats with subcutaneous mating did not impair fertility in either gender. Long term studies have not been conducted to evaluate the Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology In multiple studies performed in rodents and non-rodents, subchronic and chronic toxicity tests as suppression of body weight gain; a decrease in lymphocyte count; atrophy of the lymphatic thinning of the skin; all of which were due to the pharmacologic action of the molecule and are well The NOEL for the subchronic and chronic toxicity tests were consistent between species and ranged from 1–1.25 mcg/kg/day. PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Risk of Contamination This product is sterile when packaged. Patients should be advised not to allow the dropper tip to touch any surface, as this may contaminate the emulsion. Use of the same bottle for both eyes is not recommended with topical eye drops that are used in association with surgery. Risk of Secondary Infection becomes aggravated, the patient should be advised to consult a physician. Contact Lens Wear DUREZOL ® Emulsion should not be instilled while wearing contact lenses. Patients should be advised to remove contact lenses prior to instillation of DUREZOL ® Emulsion. The preservative in DUREZOL ® Emulsion may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration of DUREZOL ® Emulsion. Revised: May 2013 U.S. Patent 6,114,319 DUREZOL ® Emulsion was evaluated in a 3-month, multicenter, double-masked, trial in 79 pediatric patients (39 DUREZOL ® Emulsion; 40 prednisolone acetate) 0 to 3 years of age for the treatment of inammation following cataract surgery. A similar safety prole was observed in pediatric patients comparing DUREZOL ® Emulsion to prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension, 1%. © 2014 Novartis 3/14 DUR14031JAD Manufactured For: Alcon Laboratories, Inc. 6201 South Freeway Fort Worth, Texas 76134 USA 1-800-7579195 Manufactured By: Alcon Laboratories, Inc. 6201 South Freeway Fort Worth, Texas 76134 USA or Catalent Pharma Solutions Woodstock, IL 60098 ©2014 Novartis 1/15 DUR14090JAD Seeing a sharper world continued from page 18

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